SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF IMPERSONALITY IN MARI, GERMAN AND FRENCH

Anna. L. Kolyago¹*, Galina L. Sokolova²;, Alla A. Fokina³, Andrey V. Rychkov⁴
Natalia V. Bogdanova ⁵ , Irina V. Trubyanova⁶  & Elena L. Yandakova^7
1 Assoc. Prof., Mari State University, Russia, kolyago@yandex.ru
² Assoc. Prof., Mari State University, Russia, askgalinasokol@mail.ru
³ Senior Lecturer, Mari State University, Russia, allafokina70@mail.ru
⁴ Assoc. Prof., Mari State University, Russia, rychkovandre@yandex.ru
⁵ Senior Lecturer, Mari State University, Russia, natali100879@mail.ru
⁶ Assoc. Prof., Mari State University, Russia, opleva@mail.ru
⁷ Assoc. Prof., Mari State University, Russia, jandar78@mail.ru
*Corresponding author

Abstract
The article is devoted to comparative analysis of impersonal sentences in the languages with different systems: Mari, German and French. Today, great interest in linguistics is caused by research and comparative analysis of the languages of different language families. The Mari language is a representative of the Altaic language family, German and French belong to the Indo-European languages.  It is interesting in this research not only to find similarities and differences between different linguistic families of languages, but also within one language family, in particular between German and French. The goal of this work is to reveal features of impersonal sentences, their meanings, similarities and differences in the organization of impersonal sentences in Mari, German and French. To achieve the goal we need to solve certain tasks: to determine the structure, to reveal the essence and meaning of impersonal sentences, their prevalence and the sphere of use in speech. The method of synchronous description of the collected material using distributive analysis and elements of the diachronic method is used to solve these tasks. The comparative method makes it possible to establish similarities and differences in the analyzed languages. The impersonal sentence, due to their expressiveness and brevity, is of particular interest because it is fairly widespread in the literature and is often used in colloquial speech, especially in dialogue. Impersonal sentences express, as a rule, the state of nature, the environment, the mood of a person, his mental and physical state. With the help of such sentence it is easier to formulate the impossibility, inevitability of actions, negation. The analysis shows that the value of impersonal sentences in compared languages is almost similar, however, there are differences in the way of constructing such sentences. The main difference in the structure of the impersonal sentence is the one-compound Mari impersonal sentence and binomiality of German and French impersonal sentence.

Keywords: syntax, Mari language, German language, French language mononuclear sentence, two-member (binomial) sentence, impersonal sentence, principal part, ways and means of expression